Cardinal temperatures for germination in Wild orach (Atriplex dimorphostegia), Saltwort (Salola crassa) and Seepweed (Suaeda aegyptiaca) and effect of temperature on their germination characteristics
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 MSc of Weed Science/ Birjand University
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture/ Birjand University
Abstract
Different cardinal temperatures for germination has caused asynchronous appearance of weeds in fieldand so different appropriate management practices to control them, to avoid their invasion. So, in order to study the cardinal temperatures of germination in Atriplex dimorphostegia, Salsola crassa and Suaeda aegyptiaca seeds and effect of different temperatures on their germination characteristics, an experiment was carried out at research laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture in University of Birjand in 2013. The study was conducted based on completely randomized design with 8 levels of temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40○C) and 4 replications. The results of quadratic and dental models showed that cardinal temperatures of germination including base, optimum and maximum temperatures for Atriplex dimorphostegia were 5.57, 26.37, 47.07○C, for Salsola crassa were 3.48, 21.57 and 39.66○C and for Suaeda aegyptiaca were 6.96, 28.81 and 44.52 ○Crespectively. Effect of temperature on all indices of germination in all three weeds were significant (P<0.01) Reduction of percentage and rate of germination at the least temperature compare to the most temperatures in which germination was occurred, were 39.40% and 33.99 %, in Atriplex dimorphostegia and 86& and 66.29% in Salsola crassa and 87.04%, and 94.31% in Suaeda aegyptiaca respectively. The most germination uniformity was occurred at 20○C, 15-20 ○C and 20-40○Cin Atriplex dimorphostegia, Salsula crassaand Suaeda aegyptiaca respectively. Difference between minimum and maximum of Seedling shoot and root length, and Seedling fresh and dry weight were 94.52, 91, 85 and 98.57 percent in Atriplex dimorphostegia, 63.09, 70.12, 71.52, 53.85percent in Salsola crassa and 86.33, 93.99, 96.67 and 99.33 percent in Suaeda eagyptiaca r. The highest seedling vigor index was occurred at 20 ○C in Atriplex dimorphostegia and Salsola crassa and at 10 ○C in Suaeda aegyptiaca.
Keywords
منابع
Addae, P. C., Pearson C. J., 1992. Thermal requirement for germination and seedling growth of wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 43, 585-594.
Akram-Ghaderi, F., Soltani, E., Soltani, A., Miri, A. A., 2008. Effect of priming on response of germination to temperature in cotton. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(3), 1-9. [In Persian with English Summary]
Alizadeh Benab, G.H., Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Taghizadeh, S., 2007. Investigation of salinity and temperature effects on germination, seedling growth and ion relation of Panicum miliaceaum. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 74, 115-122. [In Persian with English Summary]
Asadi, M., 2001. Flora of Iran, Chenopodiaceae family. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.38, 200 p. [In Persian]
Bewley, J.D., Black, M., 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination, 2nd ed. Plenum Press, New York, USA.
Bradford, K.J., 2002. Application of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science. 50, 248-260.
Bradford, K.J., Dahal, P.S., Ni, B.R., 1992. Quantitive models scribing germination responses to temperature. Water Potential and Growth Regulators Fourth International. Workshop on Seed. Basic and Applied Aspects.
Copeland, L.O., McDonald, M.B., 1995. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Published Chapman and Hall. USA, 112 p.
Ghahreman, A., 1996. Colored flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Release number, 1019. [In Persian]
Ghasemi, A.A., Hamidi, H., Arus, J., Maesomi, A., 2013. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination in medicinal plant of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Journal of crop improvement. 15(3), 155-169. [In Persian]
Gholami Tilehbani, H., Kord Firozjaii, GH., Zeinali, E., 2012. Evaluation of cardinal temperature of germination in species of rice. Seed Science and Technology. 1, 41-53. [In Persian]
Hampton, J.G., TeKrony, D.M., 1995. Handbook of Vigour Test Methods (3rd.ed.). International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). Zurich, Swirztland.
Harivandy, M.R., Latifi, N., Zeinali, E., Feizabadi, A., Shojaii, K., 2005. A Study of the Effect of Population on Reproductive Characteristics and Grain Yield in Wheat. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 36 (1), 87-97. [In Persian with English Summary]
Heidari sharif abad, H., 2001. Plants, aridity and drought. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. 200 p. [In Persian]
Hejazi, a., 1994. Seed technology. Publications of Tehran University. 442 pp. (In Persian)
Hilhorst, H.W.M. 1998. The regulation of secondary dormancy. The membrane hypothesis revisited. Seed Science. 8, 77-90.
Jami Al-Aahmadi., M., Kafi, M., Koocheki, A., Nasiri, M., Rezvani, P., 2005. Study some ecophysiological aspects kochia (Kochia scoparia) as a new forage in desert and saline regions. Ph.D. Thesis Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian with English Summary]
Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., Kafi, M., 2007. Cardinal temperatures for germination of Kochia scoparia. Journal of Arid Environments. 68, 308-314.
Kafi, M., Borzoee, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Masoumi, A., Nabati, J., 2009. Physiology of Environmental Stresses in Plants. Press University Jihad of Mashhad. 502 p. [In Persian]
Khaleghi, E., Moallemi, N., 2009. Effect of different levels of salinity and temperature on seed germination of Cocks Comb (Celosia argentea). Plant Production. 16(1), 149-163. [In Persian with English Summary]
Kocabas, Z., Craigon, j., Azam-Ali, S.N., 1999. The germination response of Bambara groundnut (Vigna sublerrannean (L) Verdo) to temperature. Seed Science and Technology. 27, 303-313.
Lashkari, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P., Amin Ghafori, A., 2014. Determining the germination temperatures minimum, optimum and maximum of Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum) by using of regression models. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research.12, 164-169. [In Persian]
Latifi, N., Soltani, A., Spanner, D., 2004. Effect of Temperature on Germination Components in Canola Cultivars. Iranian Journal Agricultural Science. 35(2), 313-321. [In Persian with English Summary]
Leblanc, M. L., 2003. The use of thermal time to model common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) seedling emergence in corn. Weed Science. 51, 718-724.
Moradi, R., Rezvani Maghadam, P., Alizade, Y., Ghorbani, R., 2010. Evaluation of germination and morphological characteristics of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) seedlings, affected aqueous extract from the aerial parts of caraway (Bunium persicum L) and pea (Cicer arietinum L) and mixture of their extracts. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8 (6), 897-908. [In Persian]
Naghedinia, N., Rezvani moghadam, P., 2009. Investigations on the cardinal temperatures for germination of
Czrambe kotschyana. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 7(2), 451- 456. [In Persian with English Summary]
Phartyal, S.S., Thapial, R.C., Nayal, J.S., Rawat, M.M.S., Joshi, G., 2003. The influence of temperatures on seed germination rate in Himalaya elm (Ulmus wallichiana). Seed Science Technology. 31, 83-93.
Poortoosi, N., Rashed Mohasel, M. H., Ezadi Darbandi, E., 2008. Germination characteristics and cardinal temperatures of lambusquarter, purselane and crabgrass. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 6(2), 255- 261. [In Persian with English Summary]
Rahimi, Z., Kafi, M., 2010. Cardinal temperatures and effects of different levels of temperature on germination of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Journal of Plant Protection. 24 (1), 80-86. [In Persian]
Ramin, A.A., 1997. The influence of temperature on germination of taree Irani (Allium amploprasum L.spp.iranicum W.). Seed Science and Technology. 25, 419-426.
Riemens, M.M., Scheepens, P.C., Weide, R.Y., 2004. Dormancy, germination and emergence of weed seeds, with emphasis on influence of light. Plant Research International B.V. 302, 1-2.
Roman, E.S., Thomas, A.G., Murphy, S.D., Swanton, C.G., 1999. Modeling germination and seedling elongation of common lambsquaters (Chenopodium album). Weed Science. 47, 149-155.
Romo, J.T., Haferkamp, M.R., 1987. Forage Kochia germination response to temperature, water stress and specific ions. Agronomy Journal. 79, 27-30
Saeidnejad, A.H., Kafi, M., Pessarakli, M. 2012. Evaluation of cardinal temperatures and germination responses of four ecotypes of Bunium persicum under different thermal conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4(17), 1266-1271.
Seyed Ahmadi, S.A., 2013. Evaluation of germination components and vigor of parent seeds Canola produced from of heat and drought stress in end of the growing season. Crop Physiology Journal. 17 (5), 61-75. [In Persian]
Shiri, M.A., and Bakhshi, D., 2011. Effect of salinity stress on some seed germination indices in Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium). Crop Production and Processing. 1, 1-9. [In Persian with English Summary]
Soltani, A., Maddah, V., 2010. Simple, applied programs for education and research in agronomy. Iran Scientific Society of Agroecology. Tehran. [In Persian]
Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E., Latifi, N., 2002. Germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology. 30, 51-60.
Stout, D., 1998. Rapid and synchoronus germination of Cicer milkvetch seed following diurnal temperature priming. Crop Science. 181, 263-266.
Tang, D., Hamayun, M., Ko, Y.M., Zhang, Y.P., Kang, S.M., Lee, I.J., 2008. Role of red light, temperature, stratification and nitrogen in breaking seed dormancy of Chenopodium album L. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. 11(3), 199-204.
Tobe, K., Li, X., Omasa, K., 2000. Seed germination and radicle growth of a halophyte, Kalidium capsicum. Annals Botany. 85, 391-396.
Wang, L.J. Li, S.H., 2006. Thermo tolerance and related antioxidant enzyme activities induced by heat acclimation and salicylic acid in grape
(Vitis vinifera L.) leaves. Plant Growth Regular. 48, 137–144.
Yang, Q.H., Wei, X., Zeng, X.L., Ye, W.H., Yin, X.J., Zhang-Ming, W., Jiang, Y.S., 2008. Seed biology and germination ecophysiology of Camellia Nitidissima. Forest Ecology and Management. 255, 113-118.
Zangoie, M., Parsa, S., Mahmoodi, S., Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., 2012.Evaluation of cardinal temperature for germination of asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida .L) seeds. Plant Production. 19(3), 193- 202. [In Persian]
)